January 2022 | Volume 13, Issue 6

Officers Describes Daring Rescue During Tornado, read the full article on PBS.

According to the article, the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration said recently it has opened an investigation into the collapse of an Amazon warehouse in Edwardsville, Illinois after it was struck by a tornado recently, leaving six people dead and another hospitalized.

OSHA inspectors, who are on-site, will investigate whether workplace safety rules were followed and will have six months to complete the investigation, said spokesperson Scott Allen.

Amazon, meanwhile, said workers at the warehouse had little time to prepare when the National Weather Service declared a tornado warning. The tornado arrived soon after, collapsing both sides of the warehouse and caving in its roof. “There was a tremendous effort that happened that night to keep everybody safe,” said John Felton, Amazon’s senior vice president of global delivery services, speaking alongside Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker in Edwardsville and pledging a review of all the events that took place.

Amazon spokesperson Kelly Nantel said the warehouse received tornado warnings, and site leaders directed workers to immediately take shelter. Soon thereafter, the tornado struck the building. Felton said most of the 46 people in the warehouse known as a “delivery station” headed to a shelter on the north side, which ended up “nearly undamaged,” and a smaller group to the harder-hit south end. The company said those are not separate safe rooms, but generally places away from windows considered safer than other parts of the plant. Amazon has pledged to assist workers and their families affected by the tragedy, including donating $1 million to the Edwardsville Community Foundation. The company declined to answer questions about its disaster plans at the plant, including whether employees were required to perform drills.

John Gasper, associate professor of economics at Carnegie Mellon University’s Tepper School of Business, cautioned that he did not know the particulars of what happened at Amazon. But he said for companies like Amazon that have high turnover in labor, it likely is harder to conduct regular emergency training schedules, particularly during the busy holiday season when there are many seasonal workers. “The cost of the time to do the drills is also time they are not (moving) the packages,” he said. “They have to think about these tradeoffs. But I don’t think any company wants to harm its employees.”

The tornado that hit Amazon’s facility was part of a swarm of twisters across the Midwest and South that leveled entire communities. Another tornado destroyed a candle factory in Mayfield, Kentucky, killing multiple workers on an overnight shift. OSHA, which is part of the U.S. Department of Labor, said federal investigators are not investigating the Kentucky factory collapse because the state has its own workplace safety agency.

The Edwardsville warehouse is part of a vast patchwork of concrete-and-steel structures that have popped up in the St. Louis region over the past decade, drawn by its confluence of major highways and railroads, cheap costs, and Americans’ expectations for getting packages delivered soon after they click a link to order them. A researcher who studies the warehouse industry and the pressure put on Amazon workers to meet strict productivity quotas said even if Amazon’s team did everything right in responding to a devastating tornado, it raises the question about the structure of enormous warehouses popping up across the Midwest as some climate experts warn of more frequent severe storms. “We don’t think of warehousing as one of the industries that’s going to be severely impacted by climate change but then you have a case like this,” said Beth Gutelius, research director at the Center for Urban Economic Development at the University of Illinois-Chicago. “How do we make sure the facilities are built in a way to best protect the workers inside?”

Gutelius said its central location and cheaper costs has led the warehouse industry to triple over the past decade in the greater St. Louis area, of which Edwardsville is a part, growing faster than the industry nationwide. She said the pressure on warehouse and delivery workers is particularly high in the holiday period, especially at Amazon because of its promise of rapid deliveries and its artificial intelligence technology for moving goods and monitoring workers’ performance. At the governor’s press conference recently, Nantel emphasized that the 1.1-million square foot building was “constructed consistent with code.” But Pritzker raised the possibility that current codes aren’t enough to meet the dangers of increasingly devastating storms. He said there will be an investigation into updating code “given serious change in climate that we are seeing across the country.”

Amazon announced plans in June 2016 to build two warehouses in Edwardsville, saying they would create 1,000 full-time jobs. One was meant to handle large items such as big-screen TVs and sports equipment, according to a June 2016 article in the Edwardsville Intelligencer. The other was for smaller items such as books, toys, and handheld electronics.

Marc Wulfraat, a supply chain consultant who has studied Amazon’s warehouses and distribution centers, says the one in Edwardsville appeared standard for the industry with 40-foot concrete walls, not unlike many others popping up around the country as consumers shift from stores to online buying. “It was basically a warehouse, with nothing particularly distinctive to Amazon,” said Wulfratt, president of MWPVL International, a consultancy in Montreal. “They abide by code when they put these buildings up. There is no way around it.”

Robert Hartwig, a finance professor at the Darla Moore School of Business at the University of South Carolina, said Amazon likely has property insurance with very high deductibles, policies that tend to lead to facilities better built to handle storms. “Amazon has a significant incentive in mitigation, making investments that reduce or avoid losses, designing the structure to withstand a variety of perils,” said Hartwig, former president of the Insurance Information Institute, a trade group. “They will probably assume a material share of the loss before the insurance will kick in.”

Gutelius said she could not help but view the tragedy as a spillover effect of American consumer demand for getting packages shipped quickly. “Yes, it was a freak accident, but the facts are still that these workers were making sure my dog gets a frisbee — tomorrow — and gave their life for it,” she said. “It seems really kind of ridiculous when you think about what the stakes are.”

Discussion Questions

  1. Explain the mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA.)

    According to OSHA, “(w)ith the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Congress created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance.

    As a “general duty,” OSHA requires employers with 15 or more employees to provide a safe working environment. OSHA also imposes “specific duties” on an industry-by-industry basis. OSHA enforces compliance with the general duty and specific duties via on-site inspections that occur both before and after incidents occur resulting in serious injury or death to workers.
  2. The article indicates that Amazon built the subject warehouse “to code” which, if true, means that the company complied with government standards in constructing the warehouse. Is this conclusive evidence of due care on the part of Amazon in terms of potential negligence liability for the injuries and deaths of its workers? Why or why not?

    Even if Amazon built the subject warehouse “to code,” it is still responsible for work-related injuries or death via workers’ compensation law. The workers’ compensation system is a “no-fault” system, meaning that the negligence of the employer and the employer is largely irrelevant in determining whether the worker (or if the worker is deceased, the worker’s family) receives workers’ compensation benefits.
  3. Evaluate the potential legal exposure of Amazon in this case.

    As indicated in response to Video 1, Discussion Question Number 2 above, since the workers’ compensation system is a no-fault system and the sole question is whether worker injury or death arose out of and in the course and scope of employment, Amazon (more specifically, its workers’ compensation insurance provider) will likely be responsible for the injuries and deaths of its workers. This is the case even though the event causing employee injuries and deaths amounted to an “Act of God.” Amazon may potentially even be liable in civil court if a plaintiff can establish that employee injury or death could have been avoided were it not for Amazon’s gross negligence or extreme recklessness in not allowing workers to “take cover” in response to the tornado.